PCA-Rx: The Safest Mode Of Detoxification

All of us desire a healthy living. Health is one of man’s most prized possession on earth. But various external factors such as environment, medical treatments etc. pose a grave threat to our fitness. For instance our body garners countless toxic elements via the polluted air we breathe,water we drink and foods we eat. Dental cures often lead to excess deposits of mercury and other metals in the mouth. These compounds that accumulated remain passive initially but gradually they definitely impair our immune system and health. One prudent way to safeguard our body from these toxic elements is to remove them with the aid of a detoxifying agent.

In the past few years many therapies have been advanced in this area. Unfortunately they produce harmful side effects. However research on the part of scientists and medical researchers have blessed us with an excellent detoxifying agent PCA-Rx. PCA-Rx has minimal or even no side effects in most cases. PCA-Rx is a globally recognized natural product that is known for completely purging our body of the Heavy Metals, Toxins, Triclosimines, PPCB’s, Pesticide Residues, Yeast Forms, Parasites, Viral Residues, Mycoplasms, Vaccination Residues and the like from everywhere and anywhere they reside.

For instance PCA-Rx spray also penetrates through and cleanses the hair like thin capillaries and veins associated to our brain while their function of transporting oxygen, blood and other essential nutrients is impeded by the deposition of plaque, toxic metal residues etc. Along with it PCA-Rx contributes greatly to sound functioning of our liver. In fact it is the source of great relief to people suffering from liver related problems.PCA-Rx is a natural and living part of our body. PCA-Rx is not like other chelation treatments such as DMSA and DMPS drugs etc. These cures fail to distinguish between the requisite sediments (calcium, zinc, mercury etc.) and the non-requisite ones (toxins and other harmful residues) and remove both from our body. This wrecks our immune system and debilitates our body. Whereas PCA-Rx is quite decisive, it attacks and removes only the uninvited injurious elements from the body by the medium of stool, urine, skin and breath. This uniqueness of PCA-Rx is because of the manner in which it works. When PCA-Rx takes away a toxin from the receptor to be thrown out of the body it simultaneously supplies another molecule in its place. Due to this no other toxin gets associated to the receptor till the healing process is complete.

Moreover PCA-Rx envelops the toxin completely, ensuring its sure and safe removal. Since PCA-Rx comes with insignificant side effects even children can enjoy its benefits at ease. However, it is advised to commence PCA-Rx with fewer doses in the beginning that can very well be increased later So friends guarantee a healthy living for yourself and your family through PCA-Rx. and further information look up www.pca-rx.info

Mathew Avrahmi

PCA-Rx: The Answer To Bodily Toxicity

PCA-Rx is an advanced living answer to the toxicity in our body. Unsuspectingly most of the inhabitants of our planet go all the way through their lives unwillingly accumulating a wide selection of metals and toxins as well as many other sources of contamination in their system. Daily conditions such as the air we inhale and food that we consume, the vaccinations for the many ailments around, the drugs that our doctors prescribe to help us feel better as well as our homes all contribute to the extent of toxic exposure we face on a day to day basis and will ultimately become ill through. A quantity of the injurious contaminants that can noiselessly accrue within our body comprises of heavy metals, some of which are lead, mercury and aluminum, potentially deadly chemicals, vaccination residue, plaque, pesticide miscellany as well as many others.

All of these collect within the blood cells and lymphatic fluid as well as the cerebral and spinal fluid. PCA-Rx efficiently, naturally and soothingly helps to eradicate the above mentioned contaminants in addition to any other contaminants which do not form a innate element of those three primary bodily pathways. PCA-Rx has also been found to have a astoundingly positive effect on the symptoms connected with environmental illnesses and further circumstances where toxic exposure is suspected.

PCA-Rx is the outcome of many years of meticulous study and development. It is a living bacterial organism inside a bottle. This is a powerful, but harmless alternative to established chelation healing that uses the distinctive concept of clathration to purify the body of the unwanted and potentially hazardous toxicity. While chelation is typically achieved using drugs and chemicals, PCA-Rx is a living formulation that is in reality composed of helpful bacteria and additional microbes that, when utilized, become an accepted, living element of the body's immune system. PCA-Rx is the most efficient nutritional support product available as a physiological toxin remover and cleanser.

PCA-Rx is a living organism. It is a potent means of detoxification that successfully removes heavy metals and toxins as well as any additional detrimental contaminants from the body . PCA-Rx is an alive, biologically-active formula which contains numerous beneficial microorganisms that safely and efficiently purify the systems of people who have to endure the effects of heavy metal toxicity in addition to the continuing buildup of prescription drug leftovers, infectious proteins, vaccination residue, chemicals, pesticide components, vascular plaque, mycoplasmas, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and many other physical pollutants. While doing this it does not eliminate any beneficial minerals from within the body's structure. PCA-Rx would be very valuable for anyone living or working in areas or industries where mercury, lead and any further toxic metal exposure exist, as well as being advantageous for people who have mercury amalgam dental fillings or the people whose bodies have reached toxic saturation point for other reasons.

Health care professionals have for many years, been utilizing a variety of substances inside the realm of chelation therapy in an endeavor to successfully purify their patients' bodies of selected toxins and heavy metals; their hard work have been met with some degree of success, but also measurable side effects. After many years of widespread research into the functioning of the human body and its immune system, PCA-Rx has now been established as one of the most potent and effectual chelating substances discovered to the present date. Its exclusive deployment of clathration as its approach to heavy metal and toxin removal will transform this structure of chelation therapy eternally.

PCA-Rx's main specified uses are:
• Removing heavy metals - including mercury
• Attaching to and removing many hurtful toxins +
• Removing cardio and cerebral vascular plaque
• Helping to rid the of body of harmful mycoplasmas
• Helping lower elevated enzyme counts
• Helping those suffering from environmental sickness
• Providing a less invasive form of chelation
• Detoxify through normal bodily functions

All information on PCA-Rx has been researched and written by Juliette Pickup

PCA-Rx, Medicardium, and Wobenzym

What Are Gerber Files For Printed Circuit Boards-And Who Needs Them?

When an electronics design engineer has completed their circuit design for an application, the next step towards completing the product design is to enter the schematic details into a computer based schematic capture program. The schematic capture program, which is usually part of an Electronic Design Automation, EDA or Computer Automated Design, PCB CAD, software design package, will create a net list from the completed schematic that details every electrical connection between each electronic component.

This net list is used by the printed circuit board or PCB designer in the process of designing the printed circuit board with the EDA or PCB CAD software. The finished printed circuit board will provide the physical assembly and interconnection platform for the various electronic components required by the schematic.

The printed circuit board is made up of one or more conductive layers of copper plating that is etched to form the component pads and interconnection traces and one or more layers of insulating material such as epoxy-filled fiberglass to separate the conductive copper layers and to provide the mechanical strength for the board.

A single layer board would have components on the top side of the board and connecting traces on the bottom side of the board. A double layer board could have components on the top side only or have components on both the top and bottom sides of the board along with connecting traces on both sides of the board. A multilayer board would have both top and bottom sides with components and traces along with a number of internal layers used for interconnections and for voltage and ground plane layers.

The EDA or PCB CAD program provides the detailed information about the completed board design in a series of data files for each conductive layer, such as top, bottom, and any internal layers. The Gerber File format, named after the Gerber Scientific Instruments Company, a pioneer in photoplotter manufacturing, is the standard format for these data files.

The original Gerber format conformed to the EIA RS-274D standard and consisted of a command file for each conductive layer and a tool description file. The command file consisted of a series of short commands, each followed by a set of X and Y coordinates, which would provide a photoplotter with the information to create a graphic representation. These command files became known as the Gerber files. The tool description file, or aperture file, defined the trace line widths and dimensional data for all of the pads and geometric shapes on the layer.

These data files of computer generated information for the printed circuit board design are then sent to a printed circuit board fabrication company to have the physical boards manufactured. The Gerber files contain all of the information necessary for the computer controlled machines at the printed circuit board, PCB, fabrication houses to etch the copper layers to create the component pads and connection traces, drill all required holes, and cut the board to the required size.

Since a PCB may have from one to many conductive layers, the older Gerber format EIA RS-274D always assumed a set of command files, one for each PCB layer, and one tool description file, or aperture file. A standard for the aperture files was never established so every EDA or PCB CAD software product had its own version of the aperture file format. If the printed circuit board fabrication house could not read the aperture file format as sent, then the aperture information would have to be re-entered manually.

The newer Gerber format conforms to EIA RS-274X and this format includes the aperture information in the file headers as embedded information for each command or Gerber file. This newer format is often called X-Gerber. With all of the aperture information included within the header fo the file, each X-Gerber file provides all of the information required to fabricate the related portion of a PCB layer.

The file names for the Gerber files should be descriptive enough for the pcb fabricator to understand which board and board layer that each file applies to,such as membdtop.gbr as a file name. The standard process is to include with each set of files for a board design a special readme.txt type text file that defines each file name and its application for the board design. The board vendor will use this readme.txt text file as the starting point for the board manufacturing process.

Gerber file extensions are often .GBR, .GBX, or .ART. Sometimes extensions such as .TOP and .BOT or .SMT and .SMB are used instead of the .GB_ type extensions. Often the file extension for a type of file, top, bottom, silkscreen, paste, inner layer, is controlled by the EDA or PCB CAD software package or is selectable within the package. This variation in the extensions makes the inclusion of the readme.txt file as a requirement in the overall file package for the board vendor.

The list of files for a board design will include the silkscreen for the top and sometimes the bottom layers if components are mounted on both sides, component placements for the top and sometimes the bottom layers, solder screen paste files for surface mount applications, drill drawings, solder mask files, panel drawings, pad master top and pad master bottom, etc.

For instance, for a double sided, 2 layer, pcb, the Gerber files will consist of two positive Gerber layers, top and bottom, aperture file,if not in the RS-274X format, NC Excellon drill file, Drill Tool List file, Silkscreen file for each side with components, solder mask files for top and bottom, and top and bottom screen paste files for surface mount boards where applicable. A four layer board would have all of these files plus two inner layer files and a six layer board would have all of these files plus four inner layer files.

At Innovative Circuits Inc., we interface with PCB fabrication houses for our own board designs as well as board designs provided by our customers for whom we are providing board assembly services. Thus we are very familiar with Gerber files and their purposes and functions. But we also realize that countless other people in other organizations who are involved in ordering raw boards or board assembly services will see or hear the term Gerber files without having any knowledge of the term, and this article if for them.

Jim Usery
Sales and Marketing Director
Innovative Circuits Inc.
311A S Parkway St
Corinth, MS 38834
office 662-287-2007
toll free 866-887-7381
fax 662-665-9275
email jusery@icimfg.com Website http://www.icimfg.com

Visit our website at http://www.icimfg.com for more information about Innovative Circuits Inc. and the services and expertise that we provide to our customers, or for additional technical articles. You can also sign up for our free Ezine, PCB Information, at the bottom of the Home Page at http://www.icimfg.com

Basics of Manufacturing Printed Circuit Boards

In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support electronic components which have their connection leads soldered onto copper pads in surface mount applications or through rilled holes in the board and copper pads for soldering the component leads in thru-hole applications. A board design may have all thru-hole components on the top or component side, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount on the top side only, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount components on the top side and surface mount components on the bottom or circuit side, or surface mount components on the top and bottom sides of the board.

The boards are also used to electrically connect the required leads for each component using conductive copper traces. The component pads and connection traces are etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Printed circuit boards are designed as single sided with copper pads and traces on one side of the board only, double sided with copper pads and traces on the top and bottom sides of the board, or multilayer designs with copper pads and traces on top and bottom of board with a variable number of internal copper layers with traces and connections.

Single or double sided boards consist of a core dielectric material, such as FR-4 epoxy fiberglass, with copper plating on one or both sides. This copper plating is etched away to form the actual copper pads and connection traces on the board surfaces as part of the board manufacturing process. A multilayer board consists of a number of layers of dielectric material that has been impregnated with adhesives, and these layers are used to separate the layers of copper plating. All of these layers are aligned and then bonded into a single board structure under heat and pressure. Multilayer boards with 48 or more layers can be produced with today's technologies.

In a typical four layer board design, the internal layers are often used to provide power and ground connections, such as a +5V plane layer and a Ground plane layer as the two internal layers, with all other circuit and component connections made on the top and bottom layers of the board. Very complex board designs may have a large number of layers to make the various connections for different voltage levels, ground connections, or for connecting the many leads on ball grid array devices and other large integrated circuit package formats.

There are usually two types of material used to construct a multilayer board. Pre-preg material is thin layers of fiberglass pre-impregnated with an adhesive, and is in sheet form, usually about .002 inches thick. Core material is similar to a very thin double sided board in that it has a dielectric material, such as epoxy fiberglass, with a copper layer deposited on each side, usually .030 thickness dielectric material with 1 ounce copper layer on each side. In a multilayer board design, there are two methods used to build up the desired number of layers. The core stack-up method, which is an older technology, uses a center layer of pre-preg material with a layer of core material above and another layer of core material below. This combination of one pre-preg layer and two core layers would make a 4 layer board.

The film stack-up method, a newer technology, would have core material as the center layer followed by layers of pre-preg and copper material built up above and below to form the final number of layers required by the board design, sort of like Dagwood building a sandwich. This method allows the manufacturer flexibility in how the board layer thicknesses are combined to meet the finished product thickness requirements by varying the number of sheets of pre-preg in each layer. Once the material layers are completed, the entire stack is subjected to heat and pressure that causes the adhesive in the pre-preg to bond the core and pre-preg layers together into a single entity.

The process of manufacturing printed circuit boards follows the steps below for most applications:

Basic Steps for Manufacturing Printed Circuit Boards:

1. Setup - the process of determining materials, processes, and requirements to meet the customer's specifications for the board design based on the Gerber file information provided with the purchase order.

2. Imaging - the process of transferring the Gerber file data for a layer onto an etch resist film that is placed on the conductive copper layer.

3. Etching - the traditional process of exposing the copper and other areas unprotected by the etch resist film to a chemical that removes the unprotected copper, leaving the protected copper pads and traces in place; newer processes use plasma/laser etching instead of chemicals to remove the copper material, allowing finer line definitions.

4. Multilayer Pressing - the process of aligning the conductive copper and insulating dielectric layers and pressing them under heat to activate the adhesive in the dielectric layers to form a solid board material.

5. Drilling - the process of drilling all of the holes for plated through applications; a second drilling process is used for holes that are not to be plated through. Information on hole location and size is contained in the drill drawing file.

6. Plating - the process of applying copper plating to the pads, traces, and drilled through holes that are to be plated through; boards are placed in an electrically charged bath of copper.

7. Second Drilling - this is required when holes are to be drilled through a copper area but the hole is not to be plated through. Avoid this process if possible because it adds cost to the finished board.

8. Masking - the process of applying a protective masking material, a solder mask, over the bare copper traces or over the copper that has had a thin layer of solder applied; the solder mask protects against environmental damage, provides insulation, protects against solder shorts, and protects traces that run between pads.

9. Finishing - the process of coating the pad areas with a thin layer of solder to prepare the board for the eventual wave soldering or reflow soldering process that will occur at a later date after the components have been placed.

10. Silk Screening - the process of applying the markings for component designations and component outlines to the board. May be applied to just the top side or to both sides if components are mounted on both top and bottom sides.

11. Routing - the process of separating multiple boards from a panel of identical boards; this process also allows cutting notches or slots into the board if required.

12. Quality Control - a visual inspection of the boards; also can be the process of inspecting wall quality for plated through holes in multilayer boards by cross-sectioning or other methods.

13. Electrical Testing - the process of checking for continuity or shorted connections on the boards by means applying a voltage between various points on the board and determining if a current flow occurs. Depending upon the board complexity, this process may require a specially designed test fixture and test program to integrate with the electrical test system used by the board manufacturer.

Jim Usery
Sales and Marketing Director
Innovative Circuits Inc.
311A S Parkway St
Corinth, MS 38834
office 662-287-2007
toll free 866-887-7381
fax 662-665-9275
email jusery@icimfg.com website http://www.icimfg.com

At Innovative Circuits Inc., we assemble a variety of surface mount and thru-hole boards each day for our customers. We also provide printed circuit board layout design services along with conversions from thru-hole designs to surface mount designs for our customers. We do not manufacture bare printed circuit boards ourselves but we do work with a number of board houses to produce the bare boards that we use every day to assemble our customers' products. As a result, we have become very familiar with the board manufacturing processes and we wanted to share our knowledge with others who may not have our level of exposure to printed circuit boards.